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Boeing 737-800

The 737-800 is a stretched version of the 737-700, and replaces the 737-400. It also filled the gap left by the decision to discontinue the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 and MD-90 following Boeing's merger with McDonnell Douglas. The −800 was launched by Hapag-Lloyd Flug (now TUIfly) in 1994 and entered service in 1998. The 737-800 seats 162 passengers in a two-class layout, or 189 in one class, and competes with the A320. For many airlines in the U.S., the 737-800 replaced aging Boeing 727-200 trijets.
The 737-800 is also among the models replacing the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series aircraft in airline service; it burns 850 US gallons (3,200 L) of jet fuel per hour, or about 80 percent of the fuel needed by an MD-80 on a comparable flight, even while carrying more passengers than the latter.[30] According to the Airline Monitor, an industry publication, a 737-800 burns 4.88 US gallons (18.5 L) of fuel per seat per hour. Alaska Airlines replaced the MD-80 with the 737-800, saving $2,000 per flight, assuming jet fuel prices of $4 per gallon. The fuel cost of each such flight (2008 prices) on a 737-800 is about $8,500.
On August 14, 2008, American Airlines announced 26 orders for the 737-800 (20 are exercised options from previously signed contracts and six are new incremental orders) as well as accelerated deliveries. A total of 2,135 -800, and 16 -800 BBJ aircraft have been delivered with 1,521 unfilled orders as of January 2011. Ryanair, an Irish low-cost airline is among the largest operators of the Boeing 737-800, with a fleet of over 300 aircraft serving routes across Europe and North Africa.

McDonnell Douglas MD-90 adalah pesawat jet komersial bermesin ganda, berjarak pendek hingga menengah, satu-lorong. MD-90 dikembangkan dari seri MD-80. Perbedaan dari MD-80 termasuk bahan bakar lebih efisien dari mesin International Aero Engines V2500 dan badan pesawat yang lebih panjang lagi. MD-90 memiliki kapasitas tempat duduk hingga 172 penumpang dan diperkenalkan ke layanan dengan Delta Air Lines pada tahun 1995. MD-90 dan selanjutnya MD-95/Boeing 717 adalah turunan dari MD-80 yang, itu sendiri, adalah turunan pesawat komersial yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1980 dari DC-9

Comac C919 adalah keluarga pesawat yang direncanakan dari 158-174 seat yang sempit-tubuh yang akan dibangun oleh Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (Comac). Ini akan menjadi pesawat komersial terbesar dirancang dan dibangun di Cina setelah Shanghai Y-10. Penerbangan pertama diperkirakan akan berlangsung pada tahun 2015, dengan pengiriman pertama dijadwalkan untuk akhir 2018.
C919 merupakan bagian dari tujuan jangka panjang China untuk memecahkan Airbus dan duopoli Boeing, dan dimaksudkan untuk bersaing dengan Airbus A320, Boeing 737 dan Rusia MS-21. Sebagai rencana jangka panjang bermesin ganda, lorong twin C929 dan C939 diusulkan, menawarkan 300 dan 400 kursi, masing-masing.

Comac ARJ21 Xiangfeng (Tionghoa: 翔凤; Pinyin: xiángfèng; arti harfiah "Soaring Phoenix") adalah sebuah pesawat penumpang regional bermesin ganda. Rancangannya adalah berbasis pada MD-90, yang diproduksi berdasarkan lisensi di China yang juga merupakan turunan dari DC-9. Program ini menggunakan komponen dari 19 pemasok komponen penerbangan besa dari Eropa dan AS, termasuk General Electric (produksi mesin), Honeywell (sistm fly-by-wire) dan Rockwell Collins (produksi avionik).
Varian
ARJ21-700 – model dasar dengan kapasitas 70 hingga 95 penumpang.
ARJ21-900 – model perpanjangan lambung berbasis dari ARJ-700, dengan kapasitas 95 hingga 105 penumpang.
ARJ21F – versi khusus kargo dari ARJ21-700. Kapasitasnya adalah 5 kontainer LD7 atau palet PIP, dengan daya angkut maksimum 10,150 kg.
ARJ21B – versi jet bisnis dari ARJ21-700. Konfigurasi standard akan menampung 20 penumpang.

De Havilland Canada Dash 7 merupakan sebuah pesawat yang dibuat oleh de Havilland Canada. Pesawat ini dahulu merupakan pesawat paling populer di dunia untuk waktu yang lama. Dash 7 pertama kali mengudara pada 1975. Hingga sekarang ini sudah tidak diproduksi lagi.
Pesawat ini mulai diproduksi pada tahun 1975 hingga 1988. Jumlah produksinya adalah 113.

Bombardier Q Series atau Dash 8 adalah sebuah pesawat bermesin turboprop regional penumpang sipil (airliner) komuter buatan De Havilland Kanada (sekarang bagian dari Bombardier)
Dengan mesin turboprof 1775 kW buatan Pratt & Whitney Canada PW 123A, pesawat dengan baling-baling empat bilah ini memiliki kecepatan maksimal 523 km/jam (287 mil/jam). ketinggian operasional 25.000 kaki (7620 meter) dengan daya jelajah 1538 km.
Pesawat selebar 27,43 meter (rentang sayap), panjang 25,68 meter, tinggi pesawat 7,49 meter, berat kosong 11.657 kg dan berat maksimum saat lepas landas (take off, MTOW) 18.642 kg
De Havilland Canada (sekarang bagian dari Bombardier) mengembangkan Dash 8-300 dari versi lebih kecil, Dash 8-100. Pesawat 50 tempat duduk ini mengudara pertama kali 15 Mei 1987. Pada tahun 1989 sudah mendapat sertifikat laik terbang dari kanada dan Amerika Serikat (FAA). Tahun itu pula pesawat diantar ke maskapai penerbangan Time Air. Dash 8-300 terus dikembangkan dengan beberapa varian, juga dengan mesin lebih kuat (Seri 300B diluncurkan pada tahun 1992 dengan mesin PW 123 Bs, 1865 kW) pada akhir 1998 sudah dipesan 136 pesawat, 128 diantaranya telah operasional.
Variannya adalah Dash 8-100, Dash 8-200, Dash 8-300, Dash 8-300B, Dash 8-300 E.

The 757-300, the stretched version of the aircraft, entered service with Condor in 1999. With an overall length of 178.7 feet (54.5 m), the type is the longest single-aisle twinjet ever built. Designed to serve the charter airline market and provide a low-cost replacement for the 767-200, the 757-300 shares the basic design of the original 757, while extending the fuselage before and after the wings.[65] Eight standard cabin doors, plus a pair of over-the-wing emergency exits on each side,[28] enable the 757-300 to have a maximum certified capacity of 289 passengers. A higher MTOW of 272,500 pounds (124,000 kg) is specified, while fuel capacity remains unchanged; as a result, the stretched variant offers a maximum range of 3,395 nautical miles (6,290 km). Engines used on the type include the RB211-535E4B from Rolls-Royce and the PW2043 from Pratt & Whitney. Due to its greater length, the 757-300 features a retractable tailskid on its aft fuselage.

Condor ordered the stretched 757 to replace its McDonnell Douglas DC-10s and serve as low-cost, high-density transportation to holiday destinations such as the Canary Islands. Because tests showed that boarding the 757-300 could take up to eight minutes longer than the 757-200, Boeing and Condor developed zone-based boarding procedures to expedite loading and unloading times for the lengthened aircraft.[122] The 757-300 has been operated by mainline carriers Continental Airlines (now part of United Airlines), Northwest Airlines (now part of Delta Air Lines), and Icelandair; other operators have included American Trans Air (the first North American operator), Arkia Israel Airlines, along with charter carriers Condor and Thomas Cook Airlines. Production for the 757-300 totaled 55 aircraft,[44] of which 55 were in service in July 2014.

The 757-200SF, a conversion of passenger 757-200s for cargo use, entered service with DHL Aviation in 2001. Modifications by Boeing Wichita in Kansas included the removal of passenger amenities, main deck structural reinforcement, and the installation of a 757-200PF forward fuselage section with a port-side cargo door. The forward two entry doors are retained, resulting in a main deck cargo capacity of 14 pallets, which is one less than the 757-200PF. Environmental controls can be fitted for animal cargo, and rear exits and window pairs are retained on some aircraft. Besides Boeing, Israel Aerospace Industries, Precision Conversions, and ST Aerospace Services have also handled 757-200SF conversions. In September 2006, FedEx Express announced a US$2.6 billion plan to acquire over 80 converted 757 freighters to replace its 727 fleet. In July 2011, 70 converted 757-200SFs were in service

The 757-200M, a convertible version capable of carrying cargo and passengers on its main deck, entered service with Royal Nepal Airlines in 1988. Also known as the 757-200 Combi, the type retains the passenger windows and cabin doors of the 757-200, while adding a forward port-side cargo door in the manner of the 757-200PF. Kathmandu-based Royal Nepal Airlines, later renamed Nepal Airlines, included the convertible model as part of an order for two 757s in 1986.
Nepal Airlines ordered the 757-200M to fulfill a requirement for an aircraft that could carry mixed passenger and freight loads, and operate out of Tribhuvan International Airport in the foothills of the Himalayas. Patterned after convertible variants of the 737 and 747, the 757-200M can carry two to four cargo pallets on its main deck, along with 123 to 148 passengers in the remaining cabin space. Nepal Airlines' 757-200M, which features Rolls-Royce RB211-535E4 engines and an increased MTOW of 240,000 pounds (109,000 kg), was the only production example ever ordered.
In October 2010, Pemco World Air Services and Precision Conversions launched aftermarket conversion programs to modify 757-200s into 757 Combi aircraft. Vision Technologies Systems launched a similar program in December 2011. All three aftermarket conversions modify the forward portion of the aircraft to provide room for up to ten cargo pallets, while leaving the remaining space to fit around 45 to 58 passenger seats. This configuration is targeted at commercial charter flights which transport heavy equipment and personnel simultaneously. Customers for converted 757 Combi aircraft include the Air Transport Services Group, National Airlines, and North American Airlines

The 757-200PF, the production cargo version of the 757-200, entered service with UPS Airlines in 1987. Targeted at the overnight package delivery market, the freighter can carry up to 15 containers or pallets on its main deck, for a volume of up to 6,600 cubic feet (187 m3), while its two lower holds can carry up to 1,830 cubic feet (51.8 m3) of bulk cargo. The maximum revenue payload capability is 87,700 pounds (39,800 kg) including container weight. The 757-200PF is specified with a MTOW of 255,000 pounds (116,000 kg) for maximal range performance; when fully loaded, the aircraft can fly up to 3,150 nautical miles (5,830 km). Because the freighter does not carry any passengers, it can operate transatlantic flights free of ETOPS restrictions. Power is provided by RB211-535E4B engines from Rolls-Royce, or PW2037 and PW2040 engines from Pratt & Whitney.
The freighter features a large, upward-opening main deck cargo door on its forward port-side fuselage. Adjacent to the large cargo door is a standard exit door used by the pilots. All other emergency exits are omitted, and cabin windows and passenger amenities are not available. The main deck cargo hold has a smooth fiberglass lining, and a fixed rigid barrier with a sliding access door serves as a restraint wall next to the flight deck. Both lower holds can be equipped with a telescoping baggage system to load custom-fitted cargo modules. When equipped for extended-range transatlantic operations, UPS 757-200PFs feature an upgraded auxiliary power unit, additional cargo bay fire suppression equipment, enhanced avionics, and an optional supplemental fuel tank in the aft lower hold. Total production for the 757-200PF totaled 80 aircraft. In July 2014, 78 of these were in service.

The 757-200, the original version of the aircraft, entered service with Eastern Air Lines in 1983. The type was produced with two different door configurations, both with three standard cabin doors per side: the baseline version has a fourth, smaller cabin door on each side aft of the wings, and is certified for a maximum capacity of 239, while the alternate version has a pair of over-the-wing emergency exits on each side, and can seat a maximum of 224. The 757-200 was offered with a MTOW of up to 255,000 pounds (116,000 kg); some airlines and publications have referred to higher gross weight versions with ETOPS certification as "757-200ERs", but this designation is not used by the manufacturer. The first engine to power the 757-200, the Rolls-Royce RB211-535C, was succeeded by the upgraded RB211-535E4 in October 1984. Other engines used include the RB211-535E4B, along with the PW2037 and PW2040 from Pratt & Whitney. The latest version is sometimes called 757-200W – W for the added winglets. Its range with full payload is 3,850 nautical miles.
Although designed for short and medium length routes, the 757-200 has since been used in a variety of roles ranging from high-frequency shuttle services to transatlantic routes. In 1992, after gaining ETOPS approval, American Trans Air launched 757-200 transpacific services between Tucson and Honolulu. Since the turn of the century, mainline U.S. carriers have increasingly deployed the type on transatlantic routes to Europe, and particularly to smaller cities where passenger volumes are unable to support wide-body aircraft. Production for the 757-200 totaled 913 aircraft, making the type by far the most popular 757 model. In July 2014, 756 of different 757-200 versions were in service. As of February 2015, the longest commercial route served by a 757 is United Airlines' New York to Berlin flight at just over 4,000 nautical miles; the aircraft assigned to this route cannot fly with a full payload. United's 757s assigned to transatlantic routes are fitted with 169 seats.

Powerplants

Two 166.4kN (37,400lb) RollsRoyce RB211-535C turbofans, or 178.8kN (40,200lb) RB211-535E4s, or 193.5kN (43,500lb) RB211-535E4-Bs, or 162.8kN (36,600lb) Pratt & Whitney PW2037s, or two 178.4kN (40,100lb) PW2040s, or 189.5kN (42,600lb) PW2043s.

Performance

Max cruising speed 914km/h (493kt), economical cruising speed 850km/h (460kt). Range with P&W engines and 186 passengers 5053km (2728nm), with RR engines 4758km (2569nm). Range at optional max takeoff weight with P&W engines 7277km (3929nm), with RR engines 6888km (3719nm). 757-200PF - Speeds same. Range with 22,680kg payload and P&W engines 7195km (3885nm), with RR engines 6857km (3700nm).

Weights

Operating empty with P&W engines 57,840kg (127,520lb), with RB211s 57,975kg (127,810lb). Basic max takeoff 99,790kg (220,000lb), medium range MTOW 108,860kg (240,000lb), extended range MTOW 115,665kg (255,000lb) or 115,895kg (255,550lb).

Dimensions

Wing span 38.05m (124ft 10in), length 47.32m (155ft 3in), height 13.56m (44ft 6in). Wing area 185.3m2 (1994sq ft).

Capacity

Flightcrew of two. 757-200 - Typical passenger arrangements vary from 178 two class (16 first & 162 economy), or 202 (12 first & 190 economy) or 208 (12 first and 196 economy) or 214 to 239 in all economy class. 757-200PF - Maximum of 15 standard 2.24 x 2.74m (88 x 108in) freight pallets on main deck.

Production

987 757-200s had been ordered by late 2002, of which over 983 had been delivered.

Type

Medium range narrowbody airliner

Schematics

History

After a slow sales start, the medium range single aisle 757 has become yet another sales success story for Boeing.

Boeing considered a number of proposals for a successor to the 727 tri-jet during the 1970s, with many of these designs featuring the nose and T-tail of the earlier jet. It was not until later in that decade however that Boeing settled on a more conventional design featuring the same cross section as the 727 (not to mention the 737, 707 and 720) but with the fuselage considerably longer in length, an all new wing, nose and flightdeck and fuel efficient high bypass turbofan engines.

Boeing launched development of the 757 in March 1979 following orders from British Airways and Eastern. Developed in tandem with the larger widebody 767 the two types share a number of systems and technologies, including a common early generation EFIS flightdeck.

First flight was on February 19 1982 and the 757 entered service in January the following year. Subsequent versions to appear are the 757-200PF Package Freighter, a pure freighter, and the 757-200M Combi (only one has been built). The standard passenger aircraft is designated the 757-200, there being no -100. The stretched 757-300 is described separately.

Initial sales of the 757 were fairly slow, however orders picked up significantly in the mid to late 1980s as traffic on routes previously served by smaller 727s and 737s grew to require the 757's extra capacity. Today 757 sales comfortably exceed those of the 767, a position that was reversed until the late 1980s.

Boeing 747-8 adalah pesawat komersial berbadan lebar yang diproduksi Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Secara resmi Boeing mengumumkan proyek ini pada tahun 2005, evolusi 747-8 adalah varian terbaru dari Boeing 747, dengan memperpanjang badan pesawat, merancang ulang sayap dan peningkatan efisiensi bahan bakar. Pesawat ini juga mampu terbang dengan kecepatan 0,85 mach(917 km/h) dan merupakan pesawat subsonik tercepat didunia. Pesawat ini merupakan satu-satunya model Boeing 747 yang saat ini masih diproduksi

Versi
Boeing 747-8 freighter
Boeing ini adalah versi barang Boeing 747-8 ini. Pesawat dapat mengangkut 345 ton Cargo. pesawat ini terbang pertama kali pada tahun 2010. Pengguna peratamanya adalah cargolux dan all nippon cargo. 747 telah menjadi sangat populer dengan pesawat Cargo Terbesar, membawa sekitar setengah dari angkutan udara di dunia pada 2007 . Dalam upaya untuk mempertahankan posisi dominan, Boeing merancang sebuah varian barang dari 747-8, bernama 747-8 Freighter atau 747-8F, yang diluncurkan pada tanggal 14 November 2005.747-8F akan menjadi model awal untuk masuk ke layanan (EIS). Seperti pada Boeing 747-400F, dek atas lebih pendek dari model penumpang, sedangkan 18 kaki 3 1 / 2 inci (5,575 m) belakang dari sayap. Dengan lb 975.000 (442.000 kg) berat maksimum take-off , akan memiliki kemampuan muatan total £ 308.000 (140.000 kg) dan jarak maksimum 4.390 NMI (8.130 km). Empat ruang palet tambahan akan dibuat pada dek utama, dengan baik dua tambahan kontainer dan dua tambahan palet , palet atau tiga tambahan, di dek bawah. 747-8F diharapkan untuk mencapai biaya operasi ton/mil 16% lebih rendah dari 747-400F dan menawarkan berbagai sedikit lebih besar. 747-8F akan memiliki kapasitas muatan lebih tetapi kurang dari kisaran saat ini 747-400ERF. Ketika Boeing meluncurkan-400ERF, kenaikan MTOW semua lb 35.000 (16.000 kg) atas 747-400F 875,000-910,000 (397,000-410,000 kg) memungkinkan maskapai penerbangan untuk lepas landas dengan lebih banyak bahan bakar, membakarnya selama penerbangan, dan tanah di berat yang sama seperti yang biasa 747-400F. Hal ini meningkatkan jangkauan 747-400ERF dibandingkan dengan 747-400F. Pembawa kargo sering bergerak mesin atau beban terpisahkan yang memerlukan pesawat dengan muatan yang lebih tinggi dan kemampuan mendarat. Seperti biasa dengan pesawat kargo, rentang diberikan dengan payload maksimum, bukan bahan bakar. 65.000 £ 747-8 (29.000 kg) meningkatkan MTOW telah diarahkan secara eksklusif untuk nya Nol-Fuel berat badan atau kapasitas payload. Jika lepas landas pada payload maksimum, 747-8 melepas dengan tank tidak penuh. Pada perjalanan di mana muatan tidak maksimum, pesawat dapat mengambil lebih banyak bahan bakar dan memperluas jangkauan.

Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental
pesawat boeing ini adalah pesawat dengan varian penumpang.pesawat ini di modivikasi di dek atas dan belakang.pesawat ini dipamerkan di Boeing Everett Factory seatle,washington.pesawat ini juga disebut pesawat antar benua,karena pesawat dapat menempuh jarak 15.000 KM tampa mengisi bahan bakar dan mengangkut 54 penumpang lebih banyak dibandingkan boeing 747 sebelumnya.type pesawat ini mementingkan kenyamanan pesawat,yaitu mengganti lampu biasa dengan lampu LED,menambahkan Bar mini, mengubah kursi biasa menjadi kursi aerodinamis, dan perancangan sistem suspensi yang baru.Untuk 747-8, Boeing telah mengusulkan beberapa perubahan tata letak interior pesawat. Kebanyakan terlihat akan tangga melengkung ke dek atas dan pintu masuk utama penumpang lebih luas . Kabin utama 747-8 yang menggunakan interior yang sama dengan 787. Sampah overhead melengkung, dan baris pusat dirancang untuk terlihat seolah-olah melekat pada langit-langit melengkung, daripada diintegrasikan ke dalam kurva langit-langit seperti pada 777 . Jendela juga akan ukuran mirip dengan tipe yang digunakan pada 777, yang 8% lebih besar dibandingkan pada arus 747-400-an. 747-8 akan menampilkan baru sistem pencahayaan solid-state light-emitting diode(LED) , yang dapat menciptakan suasana pencahayaan.Teknologi LED juga menawarkan keandalan ditingkatkan dan biaya pemeliharaan yang lebih rendah.Urutan pertama untuk 747-8 Intercontinental ditempatkan oleh pelanggan VIP yang dirahasiakan pada Mei 2006, secara luas diyakini sebagai kepala negara Timur Tengah. Lufthansa menjadi maskapai pertama yang memesan 747-8 Intercontinental pada 6 Desember 2006. Pada bulan Desember 2009, Korean Air mengumumkan pemesanan lima 747-8I. Boeing menyatakan konfigurasi perusahaan untuk 8i-dicapai pada November 2007.
Perakitan utama dari 8i 747-dimulai pada tanggal 8 Mei 2010. Tubuh bergabung terjadi pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2010, sedikit lebih cepat dari jadwal yang diproyeksikan. Pesawat pertama 747-8i selesai pada bulan Februari 2011, sebelum diresmikan pada upacara peluncuran di Everett, Washington pada tanggal 13 Februari 2011. pengiriman dimulai pada akhir 2011.
Pada tanggal 7 Maret 2011, diumumkan bahwa Air China telah sepakat untuk membeli lima 747-8I, tunduk pada persetujuan pemerintah, dengan harga $ 1,54 miliar. Air China mengatakan akan menggunakan pesawat untuk meningkatkan layanan internasional. Gauntlet tanah pengujian 8i-, yang tes sistem dengan mensimulasikan kondisi penerbangan, berlangsung pada tanggal 12 dan 13, 2011. penerbangan pertama 747-8i yang dilakukan pada tanggal 20 Maret 2011 dari Paine Field di Everett, Washington. kedua 747-8i terbang pertama bulan berikutnya dengan warna Lufthansa.

747SP atau 'Special Performance,' diperkenalkan pada tahun 1976. Seri ini dikeluarkan untuk menyaingi Douglas DC-10 dan Lockheed L-1011 TriStar dan karena Boeing tidak ada pesawat berbadan lebar ukuran sederhana untuk bersaing dengan DC-10 dan Tristar. Biaya konstruksi 747 dan 737 yang tinggi pada akhir 1960 menyebabkan Boeing tidak mampu untuk membuat pesawat baru dan karena itu model 747 diperpendek dan dirancang ulang supaya kecepatan dan jarak maksimum disesuaikan dengan kapasitasnya. Seri SP, dengan konfigurasi 3-kelas, mampu membawa 220 penumpang dan terbang sejauh 10.500 km dengan kelajuan 980 km/jam.

Boeing 747SP adalah versi modifikasi dari pesawat jet Boeing 747 yang dirancang untuk penerbangan ultra jarak jauh. SP singkatan dari "Special Performance". Dibandingkan dengan pendahulunya, 747-100, 747SP mempertahankan badan lebar, empat-mesin, juga dengan desain dua dek, namun memiliki fuselage lebih pendek , tailplane lebih besar , dan trailing edge flaps disederhanakan. Berat pesawat diperingan oleh fuselage pendek memungkinkan jarak lebih panjang dan kecepatan meningkat dari konfigurasi 747 lainnya.

Boeing 747SP pertama kali dioperasikan oleh Pan Am pada tahun 1976. Beberapa pesawat dijual kepada pelanggan VIP dan pemerintah. Dalam pelayanan, Boeing 747SP mencatat beberapa catatan kinerja penerbangan, namun penjualan tidak memenuhi 200 unit seperti yang diharapkan, dan produksi pada akhirnya mencapai 45 pesawat.

747SP adalah satu-satunya pesawat yang mampu terbang dengan jarak terjauh, sampai kemunculanAirbus A340. Penerbangan yang menggunakan model ini antara lain adalah American Airlines, Pan Am, dan Qantas, karena kemampuan seri ini untuk terbang melintasi Lautan Pasifik memenuhi keperluan penerbangan-penerbangan ini untuk terbang ke Tokyo. South African Airways juga menggunakan 747SP untuk rute penerbangan dari Johannesburg ke London, ketika rezim apartheid berkuasa, maskapai ini tidak diperbolehkan untuk terbang melintasi negara-negara Afrika lainnya dan menyebabkan South African Airways cukup kerepotan, dan SP adalah penyelesaiannya.

Meskipun memiliki kemampuan istimewa, penjualan SP tidak seperti yang diharapkan, dimana hanya 45 buah yang terjual, dimana kebanyakan beroperasi untuk penerbangan di Timur Tengah dan Afrika. Salah satu maskapai yang kini masih menggunakan SP untuk membawa penumpang umum adalah Iran Air dan Syrian Air. Beberapa negara Arab Teluk, seperti Bahrain dan Arab Saudi juga masih menggunakan SP untuk penerbangan VIP.

Salah satu modifikasi spesial 747SP adalah pengamat astronomi SOFIA yang membawa teleskop inframerah yang berdiameter 2,5 meter. Sebelum dimodifikasi, pesawat tersebut dioperasikan oleh Pan Am dan dinamakan "Clipper Lindbergh", dan pesawat tersebut juga sempat beroperasi untuk maskapai United Airlines.

Powerplants
Four 218.4kN (48,750lb) Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7AW turbofans, or 222.8kN (50,100lb) Rolls-Royce RB211-524Bs or 229.5kN (51,600lb) RB211-524Cs, or 206.8kN (46,500lb) General Electric CF6-45A2s or CF6-50E2-Fs.

Performance
Max speed 1000km/h (540kt). Range with 331 passengers and baggage 10,840km (5855nm), range with 276 passengers 12,325km (6650nm), ferry range with max fuel and 13,610kg (30,000lb) payload 15,400km (8315nm).

Weights
Operating empty 147,420kg (325,000lb), max takeoff 317,515kg (700,000lb).

Dimensions
Wing span 59.64m (195ft 8in), length 56.31m (184ft 9in), height 19.94m (65ft 5in). Wing area 511m2 (5500sq ft).

Capacity
Flightcrew of three comprising two pilots and one flight engineer. Max high density single class seating for 440, typical two class seating for 28 first class and 288 economy class passengers

Production
Just 45 747SPs were built, of which approximately 18 remain in service by early 2005.

Type
Long range high capacity widebody airliner

History
Boeing developed the 747SP in the mid 1970s as a longer range, shortened 747, trading passenger seating for extra range. The 747SP is the only 747 model to feature a changed fuselage length compared with the 747-100.
The 747SP first flew on July 4 1975, certification was awarded on February 4 1976 and first delivery (to Pan American) was in March 1976.
The 747SP's fuselage is shortened by 14.35m (47ft 1in) compared to other 747 models, while the vertical tail was increased in height to compensate for the reduced moment arm with the shorter fuselage. Structurally the 747SP was lightened in some areas because of the significant reduction in gross weights. Overall though the 747SP retained 90% commonality of components with the 747-100 and 200. While shortening the 747's fuselage increased the fuel fraction and thus range, it also meant that seating capacity was reduced.
The SP suffix in 747SP stands for Special Performance, and points to the ultra long range abilities of this 747 variant that preceded the later 747-400 by 15 years. The 747SP's range is best illustrated by the spate of long range distance records it set in the mid 1970s. The most prominent of those was the delivery flight of a South African Airways SP, which over March 23/24 1976 flew nonstop with 50 passengers from Paine Field in Washington State to Cape Town, South Africa, a distance of 16,560km (8940nm). This world nonstop record for a commercial aircraft stood until 1989 when a Qantas 747-400 flew 17,945km (9688mn) nonstop from London to Sydney.
Sales of the 747SP were modest despite the increased range, as the SP had poorer operating economics per seat compared to the 747-200. However the 747SP did pioneer a number of long range nonstop services that are now commonly flown by the 747-400.
Notable SP customers included South African Airways (who found the SP's extended range a great asset in bypassing African nations that denied it landing rights while South Africa's apartheid policies were in place), Qantas and PanAm, the latter pioneering nonstop trans Pacific Los Angeles/Sydney services.
In early 2005 less than twenty SPs remain in airline or corporate service.

The ATR 42 is a twin-turboprop, short-haul regional airliner built in France and Italy by ATR (Aerei da Trasporto Regionale or Avions de transport régional). ATR and some Airbus models have their final assembly in Toulouse, and share resources and technology. The name "42" comes from the aircraft's standard seating, which varies from 40 to 52. The aircraft serves as the basis for the ATR 72.
On 2 October 2007, ATR CEO Stéphane Mayer announced the launch of the new −600 series aircraft at a press conference held in Washington, D.C.

The new ATR 42–600 and ATR 72–600 will feature technological enhancements to the current aircraft to increase its efficiency, dispatch reliability, low fuel burn and operating cost. It will include the new PW127M as standard engine (new engines provide 5% additional thermodynamic power at takeoff, thus improving performance on short runways, in hot weather and on high altitude; the incorporation of the "boost function" enables use of this additional power as needed, only when called for by the takeoff conditions), Glass Cockpit flight deck featuring five wide LCD screens that will replace the current EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument System). In addition, a Multi-Purpose Computer (MPC) will further enhance flight safety and operational capabilities. The new avionics, to be supplied by Thales, will also provide CAT III and RNP capabilities. It will also include the new lighter and more comfortable seats and larger overhead baggage bins.

Using a temporary test registration F-WWLY the prototype ATR 42–600 first flew on 4 March 2010. The first aircraft was delivered to Tanzanian airline Precision Air in November 2012.

According to the ATR42 & 72 EASA Type Certificate Data Sheet TCDS A.084, Iss 3, 17-10-2012 ), "ATR 42-600" is the manufacturer's marketing designation of ATR 42-500 aircraft model with the NAS (New Avionic Suite, or 'Glass Cockpit') modification installed. The "ATR 42-600" marketing designation is not recognised by EASA as any new certified aircraft model or variant, and must not be used on ATR certified/approved documentation, where only "Mod 5948", "ATR 42-500 with Mod 5948", "ATR 42-500 fitted with NAS", or ATR 42-500 "600 version" must be indicated.

The 737-700 was the first of the Next Generation series when launch customer Southwest Airlines ordered the variant in November 1993. The variant was based on the 737-300 and entered service in 1998. It replaced the 737-300 in Boeing's lineup, and its direct competitor is the Airbus A319. It typically seats 137 passengers in a two-class cabin or 149 in all-economy configuration. The primary user of the 737-700 series is Southwest Airlines. They operate close to 400 of these aircraft and have more on order.
The 737-700C is a convertible version where the seats can be removed to carry cargo instead. There is a large door on the left side of the aircraft. The United States Navy was the launch customer for the 737-700C under the military designation C-40 Clipper.

Seatmap

Powerplants

737-600 - Two 86.7kN (19,500lb) CFM56-7B18 turbofans, or 101kN (22,700lb) CFM56-7B22s on high gross weight version.

737-700 - Two 91.6kN (20,600lb) CFM56-7B20s or 101kN (22,700lb) CFM56-7B24s on HGW version.

Performance

Typical cruising speed Mach 0.785. Max certificated altitude 41,000ft.

737-600 - Range with 110 pax 2480km (1340nm) or 5648km (3050nm) for HGW version.

737-700 - Range with 126 pax 2852km (1540nm) or 6037km (3260nm) for HGW version.

Weights

737-600 - Operating empty 37,104kg (81,800lb), max takeoff 56,245kg (124,000lb), HGW max takeoff 65,090kg (143,500lb).

737-700 - Operating empty 38,147kg (84,100lb), max takeoff 60,330kg (133,000lb), HGW MTOW 70,080kg (154,500lb).

Dimensions

737-600 - Wing span 34.31m (112ft 7in), length 31.24m (102ft 6in), height 12.57m (41ft 3in). Wing area 125.0m2 (1344sq ft).

737-700 - Same except length 33.63m (110ft 4in), height 12.55m 41ft 2in).

Capacity

Flightcrew of two.

737-600 - 110 passengers in two classes or 132 in a single class.

737-700 - 126 in two classes or 149 in a single class.

Production

737-600 - 81 ordered and 47 delivered by October 2002.

737-700 - 883 ordered and 465 delivered by October 2002.

Type

Short to medium range airliners

Schematics

History

The 737-600 and -700 are the smaller members of Boeing's successful Next Generation 737-600/700/800/900 family.

Among the many changes, the Next Generation 737s feature more efficient CFM56-7B turbofans. The CFM56-7 combines the core of the CFM56-5 with the CFM56-3's low pressure compressor and a 1.55m (61in) fan. The 737's new wing has greater chord, span and wing area, while the tail surfaces are also larger. The 2.4m (8ft) high winglets first developed for the Boeing Business Jet development are now offered as an option on the 737-700 (and -800).

The new engines and wings allow the 737 to cruise at Mach 0.78 to Mach 0.80, while the larger wing allows greater fuel tankage and transcontinental USA range. Other features include a 777 style EFIS flightdeck with six flat panel LCDs which can be programmed to present information as on the 777 or as on the 737-300/400/500 series, allowing a common pilot type rating for the two 737 families.

The improved Next Generation Boeing 737 family (originally covered by the 737X designation) was launched in November 1993. The 737-700 was the first member of the new family to be developed, and is based on the 737-300, while the 737-600 is based on the 737-500.

The 737-700 rolled out on December 7 1996, was granted certification in November 1997 and entered service (with Southwest) the following month. The 737-600 was launched was launched on March 16 1996, first flew on January 22 1998 and entered service (with SAS) in September that year.

The Boeing Business Jet or BBJ (described separately) is based on the fuselage of the 737-700 with the larger 737-800's wing.

The BBJ's airframe also forms the basis for theconvertible passenger/freighter variant of the 700, the 737-700QC, which has been ordered by the US Navy as the C-40A Clipper (to replace the DC-9 based C-9B). The C-40 first flew on April 17 2000. The naval aircraft can be converted to carry 121 passengers, or 3 pallets of cargo plus 70 passengers, or 8 pallets of cargo only. These aircraft are currently (2002) based at Naval Air Station Fort Worth, Texas (VR-59) and Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida (VR-58).

The US Air Force has bought two ex-Fordair BBJs, which are designated C-40B.

The 737-600 is the direct replacement of the 737-500 and competes with the Airbus A318. The Boeing 737-600 did not include winglets as an option. WestJet was to be the Boeing launch customer for the 737-600 winglets, but announced in their Q2 2006 results that they were not going to move ahead with those plans. The 737-600 was launched by Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) in 1995 with the first aircraft delivered on September 18, 1998. A total of 69 -600s have been delivered.

Since 2012, Boeing has removed the 737-600 from their list of aircraft prices, presumably indicating the variant is now out of production.

Seatmap

Powerplants
737-600 - Two 86.7kN (19,500lb) CFM56-7B18 turbofans, or 101kN (22,700lb) CFM56-7B22s on high gross weight version.
737-700 - Two 91.6kN (20,600lb) CFM56-7B20s or 101kN (22,700lb) CFM56-7B24s on HGW version.

Performance
Typical cruising speed Mach 0.785. Max certificated altitude 41,000ft.
737-600 - Range with 110 pax 2480km (1340nm) or 5648km (3050nm) for HGW version.
737-700 - Range with 126 pax 2852km (1540nm) or 6037km (3260nm) for HGW version.

Weights
737-600 - Operating empty 37,104kg (81,800lb), max takeoff 56,245kg (124,000lb), HGW max takeoff 65,090kg (143,500lb).
737-700 - Operating empty 38,147kg (84,100lb), max takeoff 60,330kg (133,000lb), HGW MTOW 70,080kg (154,500lb).

Dimensions
737-600 - Wing span 34.31m (112ft 7in), length 31.24m (102ft 6in), height 12.57m (41ft 3in). Wing area 125.0m2 (1344sq ft).
737-700 - Same except length 33.63m (110ft 4in), height 12.55m 41ft 2in).

Capacity
Flightcrew of two.
737-600 - 110 passengers in two classes or 132 in a single class.
737-700 - 126 in two classes or 149 in a single class.

Production
737-600 - 81 ordered and 47 delivered by October 2002.
737-700 - 883 ordered and 465 delivered by October 2002.

Type
Short to medium range airliners

Schematics

History
The 737-600 and -700 are the smaller members of Boeing's successful Next Generation 737-600/700/800/900 family.
Among the many changes, the Next Generation 737s feature more efficient CFM56-7B turbofans. The CFM56-7 combines the core of the CFM56-5 with the CFM56-3's low pressure compressor and a 1.55m (61in) fan. The 737's new wing has greater chord, span and wing area, while the tail surfaces are also larger. The 2.4m (8ft) high winglets first developed for the Boeing Business Jet development are now offered as an option on the 737-700 (and -800).
The new engines and wings allow the 737 to cruise at Mach 0.78 to Mach 0.80, while the larger wing allows greater fuel tankage and transcontinental USA range. Other features include a 777 style EFIS flightdeck with six flat panel LCDs which can be programmed to present information as on the 777 or as on the 737-300/400/500 series, allowing a common pilot type rating for the two 737 families.
The improved Next Generation Boeing 737 family (originally covered by the 737X designation) was launched in November 1993. The 737-700 was the first member of the new family to be developed, and is based on the 737-300, while the 737-600 is based on the 737-500.
The 737-700 rolled out on December 7 1996, was granted certification in November 1997 and entered service (with Southwest) the following month. The 737-600 was launched was launched on March 16 1996, first flew on January 22 1998 and entered service (with SAS) in September that year.
The Boeing Business Jet or BBJ (described separately) is based on the fuselage of the 737-700 with the larger 737-800's wing.
The BBJ's airframe also forms the basis for theconvertible passenger/freighter variant of the 700, the 737-700QC, which has been ordered by the US Navy as the C-40A Clipper (to replace the DC-9 based C-9B). The C-40 first flew on April 17 2000. The naval aircraft can be converted to carry 121 passengers, or 3 pallets of cargo plus 70 passengers, or 8 pallets of cargo only. These aircraft are currently (2002) based at Naval Air Station Fort Worth, Texas (VR-59) and Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida (VR-58).
The US Air Force has bought two ex-Fordair BBJs, which are designated C-40B.

McDonnell Douglas MD-80 adalah pesawat penumpang sipil (airliner) produksi McDonnell Douglas (MD) Amerika Serikat yang memiliki spesifikasi pesawat jet bermesin ganda dengan daya jelajah maksimal 3800 km dan kecepatan 811 km/jam. Daya angkut penumpang maksimum 172 orang, minimal 137 orang, tergantung varian dan konfigurasi kursi. MD-82 memiliki panjang 45,1 m, tinggi 9,05 m, bentang sayap 32,8 m, berat take off maksimal 149.500 pon (67,8 ton). Mesin yang digunakan adalah Pratt & Whitney JT8D-200 buatan Pratt & Whitney AS. Tepatnya JT8D-217A atau JT8D-217C berdaya dorong 20.000 pon (tergantung varian).

Di Amerika Serikat (AS), pesawat ini banyak dioperasikan oleh American Airlines dan Delta Air Lines.MD-80 memiliki tingkat kebisingan yang lebih rendah dibandingkan pendahulunya, DC-9. Sebenarnya pesawat ini adalah DC-9-82. Meskipun demikian, pesawat ini tidak pernah disebut dengan nama demikian karena Douglas (pada waktu itu) telah bergabung dengan McDonnell menjadi McDonnell-Douglas, sehingga nama yang digunakan adalah McDonnell-Douglas MD-82. Adapun DC-9 yang paling besar, yang masih menyandang nama DC-9 adalah DC-9-50.Setelah perusahaan Boeing mengambil alih manajemen McDonnell Douglas, pesawat jenis ini tidak diproduksi lagi. Sekarang, namanya adalah Boeing MD-82.Produksi pesawat jenis ini (MD-80) berakhir tahun 1999.

Karena ditenagai oleh mesin JT8D yang mulai menua untuk standar modern, MD-82 kalah efisien dalam penggunaan BBM jika dibandingkan Boeing 737 Next Generation atau Airbus A320. Sebagai contoh, MD-80 membakar 1,050 gallon BBM per jam pada penerbangan normal, Sedangkan Boeing 737-800 hanya membakar 850 gallon BBM per jam (19% penghematan). Sehingga, beberapa operator besar seperti American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Scandinavian Airlines (SAS), dan Alitalia berangsur-angsur memensiunkan MD-80 dan beberapa variannya dan menggantinya dengan Boeing 737NG atau Airbus A320. Di Indonesia, Lion Air memutuskan memensiunkan bertahap MD-80 dan menggantikannya dengan Boeing 737-900ER mulai tahun 2007 lalu. Varian pesawat jenis ini adalah MD-81 (varian produksi awal), MD-82, MD-83, MD-87, dan MD-88. Perbedaan varian-varian tersebut adalah pada tenaga mesin, panjang, serta avionik yang lebih modern (pada varian MD-88).

The aircraft was designed as a high wing regional airliner and cargo transport that could quickly be fitted for other requirements such as VIP essentially a replacement for older types such as the early Fokkers and Convairs. Production of the first generation aircraft occurred between 1985 and 1996. The new generation variant the -500 is now the standard production model. The first flight was made on 16th of August 1984 and after successful trials went into active service with AIR LITTORAL in March 1986. The next generation models of the ATR 42 received certification on July 28th 1995 before entering service with AIR DOLOMITI. Construction materials included light alloys and greater use of composites for the wing roots. The next generation -500 variant utilises noise absorbing Carbon/Nomex and Kevlar/Nomex construction including 7 stiffened forward fuselage frames and active vibration absorbers. A 40% increase on the overhead baggage space and an all new air conditioning system. To Date Models are: ATR42-300, 300C (Cargo model, notably an additional large door version was added to the family in 2000), 300F (Military Freighter version), 320, and the next generation -500 which included improvements noted above and with 6 rather than 4 bladed propellers featuring electronic control, a composite tail and new undercarriage wheels and brakes.

SPECIFICATION

First Flight date:	16 Aug 1984
Certification date:	10 1985

PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS

Fuselage width:	2.87 m
Fuselage height:	7.59 m
Fuselage length:	22.67 m
Cabin length:	14.72 m
Cabin width:	2.57 m
Cabin height:	1.91 m
Cabin volume:	58 m³
Hold volume:	11 m³

WEIGHTS

Empty operating:	10,285 kg
Max zero fuel:	16,300 kg
MTOW:	17,900 kg
MLW:	17,600 kg
Standard fuel capacity:	5,730 kg
Max fuel capacity:	5,730 kg

SPEEDS

Normal cruise:
Max cruise:	490 km/h

PERFORMANCE

Long Range Cruise alt:
Max ceiling:	7,620 m
Take off field length:	1,040 m
Landing field length:	1,030 m
Max Payload Range:	1,529 m
Range notes:
Max passengers:	50
Typical passengers:	42

POWERPLANT

Category:	Turboprop
Manufacturer:	Pratt & Whitney Canada
Model/Submodel:	PW121 A
Thrust:	0 kN

The aircraft was designed as a high wing regional airliner in much the same guise as the ATR 42 but with a 4.5m stretched cabin able to take greater passenger numbers. Production of the first generation aircraft occurred between 1988 and 1998. The new generation variant the -500 is now the standard production model. The first flight was made on 27th October 1988 and after successful trials went into active service with KARAIR in April 1990. The next generation models of the ATR 72 received certification on 14th Jan 1997. The launch customer for the ATR 72-500 was American Eagle in July 1997. Notable features for the aircraft include vortex generators on the wings and tail plane. Construction materials included light alloys and greater use of composites for the wing roots. The next generation -500 variant utilises noise absorbing Carbon/Nomex and Kevlar/Nomex construction. Including 8 stiffened forward fuselage frames and active vibration absorbers. To Date Models are: ATR72-200, 201, 202, 211, 212 (Delivered in December 1992 as a hot and high derivative of the series) and the next generation -500 which included improvements noted above and with 6 rather than 4 bladed propellers.

SPECIFICATION

First Flight date:	27 Oct 1988
Certification date:	9 1989

PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS

Fuselage width:	2.57 m
Fuselage height:	7.65 m
Fuselage length:	27.17 m
Cabin length:	19.21 m
Cabin width:	2.57 m
Cabin height:	1.91 m
Cabin volume:	76 m³
Hold volume:	11 m³

WEIGHTS

Empty operating:	12,400 kg
Max zero fuel:	20,000 kg
MTOW:	21,500 kg
MLW:	21,350 kg
Standard fuel capacity:	6,370 kg
Max fuel capacity:	6,370 kg

SPEEDS

Normal cruise:
Max cruise:	516 km/h

PERFORMANCE

Long Range Cruise alt:	2,323 m
Max ceiling:	7,620 m
Take off field length:	1,365 m
Landing field length:	1,210 m
Max Payload Range:	1,759 m
Range notes:
Max passengers:	74
Typical passengers:	64

POWERPLANT

Category:	Turboprop
Manufacturer:	Pratt & Whitney Canada
Model/Submodel:	PW124 B
Thrust:	0 kN

SPECIFICATION

First Flight date:	27 Oct 1988
Certification date:	9 1989

PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS

Fuselage width:	2.57 m
Fuselage height:	7.65 m
Fuselage length:	27.17 m
Cabin length:	19.21 m
Cabin width:	2.57 m
Cabin height:	1.91 m
Cabin volume:	76 m³
Hold volume:	11 m³

WEIGHTS

Empty operating:	12,400 kg
Max zero fuel:	19,700 kg
MTOW:	21,500 kg
MLW:	21,350 kg
Standard fuel capacity:	6,370 kg
Max fuel capacity:	6,370 kg

SPEEDS

Normal cruise:
Max cruise:	516 km/h

PERFORMANCE

Long Range Cruise alt:	2,323 m
Max ceiling:	7,620 m
Take off field length:	1,560 m
Landing field length:	1,210 m
Max Payload Range:	1,759 m
Range notes:
Max passengers:	74
Typical passengers:	64

SPECIFICATION

PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS

WEIGHTS

SPEEDS

PERFORMANCE

POWERPLANT

SPECIFICATION

PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS

WEIGHTS

SPEEDS

PERFORMANCE

POWERPLANT

SPECIFICATION

PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS

WEIGHTS

SPEEDS

PERFORMANCE

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